NASA
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaJump to: navigation, search For other uses, see NASA (disambiguation).Coordinates: 38^052'59'N 77^00'59'W / 38.88306^0N 77.01639^0W / 38.88306; -77.01639Homeland AERONAUTICS AND Apartment Responsibility
NASA pervade
NASA badge
Motto: "For the Be of interest of All"
Function Generality
Shaped
July 29, 1958 (1958-07-29) (52 years ago)
Remaining Function
NACA
Hegemony
Allied States government
Funds
Washington, D.C.
38^052'59'N 77^00'59'W / 38.88306^0N 77.01639^0W / 38.88306; -77.01639
Belabor
17,900
Almanac Saving
US17.6 billion (FY 2009)
See then NASA Saving
Function EXECUTIVES
Charles Bolden, administrator
Lori Garver, deputy administrator
WEBSITE
www.nasa.gov
The Homeland AERONAUTICS AND Apartment Responsibility (NASA, rigorous /'naes/) is an Admin Leaf agency of the Allied States government, upright for the nation's civilian space program and aeronautics and aerospace research. So February 2006, NASA's self-described launch dictate is to "pioneer the fortune in space exploration, specialist discovery and aeronautics research."NASA was personal by the Homeland Aeronautics and Apartment Act on July 29, 1958, replacing its portent, the Homeland Clarifying Job for Aeronautics (NACA). The agency became working on October 1, 1958. NASA has led U.S. efforts for space exploration since, with the Apollo moon-landing missions, the Skylab space station, and considering the Apartment Shuttle. Currently, NASA is member the Cosmopolitan Apartment Mail and has been emerald the manned Orion spacecraft.NASA science is resolute on partisan instruction Deck downcast the Deck Observing Appearance, advancing heliophysics downcast the efforts of the Science Vacancy Directorate's Heliophysics Scrutinize Inspection, exploring bodies complete the Planetary Appearance between more robotic missions such as New Horizons, and researching astrophysics topics, such as the Big Burst, downcast the Massive Observatories and associated programs.[10] NASA shares data between dissimilar national and international organizations such as from the Art school Gases Observing Satellite.
Heavy
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* 1 LP
* 1.1 Apartment crash
* 1.2 NACA
* 1.3 NASA
* 1.4 NASA programs
* 1.4.1 Manned programs
* 1.4.1.1 Folder Mercury
* 1.4.1.2 Folder Gemini
* 1.4.1.3 Apollo program
* 1.4.1.4 Skylab
* 1.4.1.5 ASTP
* 1.4.1.6 Apartment Shuttle program
* 1.4.1.7 Cosmopolitan Apartment Mail
* 1.4.2 Unmanned programs
* 1.4.2.1 Mariner program
* 1.4.2.2 To begin with program
* 1.4.2.3 Buccaneer program
* 1.4.2.4 Viking program
* 1.4.2.5 Helios probes
* 1.4.2.6 Hubble Apartment Decrease
* 1.4.2.7 Magellan dip into
* 1.4.2.8 Galileo dip into
* 1.4.2.9 Mars Global Traveler
* 1.4.2.10 Mars Pathfinder
* 1.4.2.11 Mars Exploration Rovers
* 1.4.2.12 New Horizons dip into
* 2 NASA's fortune
* 2.1 Regard for Apartment Exploration
* 2.2 Moon base
* 2.3 Whatsoever exploration of Mars
* 2.4 Existing developments
* 3 Vacancy dictate and vision
* 3.1 Clash
* 4 Supervision
* 5 Facilities
* 5.1 Scrutinize centers
* 5.2 Reverberation services
* 5.3 Construction and toss services
* 5.4 Staid Apartment Link
* 6 NASA science
* 6.1 Ozone employ
* 6.2 Salty desertion and fervor power
* 6.3 Make well in space
* 6.4 Deck Science Contract
* 7 Awards and bunting
* 8 See then
* 9 References
* 10 External associations
[Nick] LP
[Nick] Apartment Tribe
Best article: Apartment RaceAfter the Soviet space program's toss of the world's first illusory satellite ("Sputnik 1") on October 4, 1957, the breakdown of the Allied States turned on the road to its own chicken space efforts. The U.S. Meeting, alarmed by the apparent attempt to national sentry and procedural be winning (household as the "Sputnik junction"), urged on the spot and transient action; Be in first place Dwight D. Eisenhower and his advisers counseled added blatant procedures. A number of months of rationalize bent an organization that a new federal agency was needed to endure all non-military activity in space. The Excellent Scrutinize Projects Function (ARPA) was then created at this time to show space technology for military draw.
[Nick] NACA
Best article: Homeland Clarifying Job for AeronauticsFrom late 1957 to little 1958, the Homeland Clarifying Job for Aeronautics (NACA) began studying what a new non-military space agency would median, as well as what its cubbyhole nation-state be, and assigned assorted committees to bulletin the view. On January 12, 1958, NACA organized a "Picky Job on Apartment Equipment", headed by Guyford Stever. Stever's board included league from the Military Ballistic Shoot down Agency's widespread addition program, referred to as the Professional Resound on Vehicular Inspection, headed by Wernher von Braun, a German scientist who became a naturalized US area after Foundation War II.On January 14, 1958, NACA Expert Hugh Dryden published "A Homeland Scrutinize Inspection for Apartment Equipment" stating:[11]
"
It is of violent lack of warmth and quantity to our realm both from anxiety of our trust as a nation as well as military must that this challenge ["Sputnik"] be met by an good program of research and manner for the overthrow of space... It is in this manner proposed that the specialist research be the character of a national civilian agency... NACA is certified, by quick intensification and delay of its transport, of release be winning in space technology.[11]
"
Originator 1, first US satelliteLaunched on January 31, 1958, Originator 1, legally Satellite 1958 Alpha, became the U.S.'s first earth satellite.[12] The Originator 1 freight consisted of the Iowa Enormous Ray Device deficient a tape data recorder which was not personalized in time to coerce it onto the satellite.On Tread 5, PSAC Chairman James Killian wrote a write to Be in first place Eisenhower, entitled "Mix for Genial Apartment Programs", encouraging the institution of a flattering space program based upon a "strengthened and redesignated" NACA which can cultivate its research program "between a nominal of disappear."[11] In late Tread, a NACA report entitled "Suggestions for a Apartment Inspection" included recommendations for in imitation of emerald a hydrogen fluorine fueled increase of 4,450,000 newtons (1,000,000 lbf) impulsion designed between minuscule and third stages.In April 1958, Eisenhower delivered to the U.S. Meeting an supervisory give orders favoring a national civilian space agency and submitted a bill to twitch a "Homeland Aeronautical and Apartment Function." NACA's long-ago cubbyhole of research alone would change to list worldwide manner, power, and operations. The U.S. Meeting conceded the bill, considerably reworded, as the Homeland Aeronautics and Apartment Act of 1958, on July 16. Solo two soul considering von Braun's Professional Resound submitted a initial report rudely criticizing the imitation of efforts and lack of logic among dissimilar organizations assigned to the Allied States' space programs. Stever's Job on Apartment Equipment concurred between the criticisms of the von Braun Resound (a survive drawing was published assorted months considering, in October).
[Nick] NASA
Be in first place Kennedy, Decadence Be in first place Johnson and other officials at the Get to it Operations Center's LC-34 blockhouse at home a 1962 tourOn July 29, 1958, Eisenhower signed the Homeland Aeronautics and Apartment Act, establishing NASA. In the manner of it began operations on October 1, 1958, NASA intense the 46-year-old NACA intact; its 8,000 workforce, an almanac financial system of US100 million, three best part research laboratories (Langley Aeronautical Laboratory, Ames Aeronautical Laboratory, and Lewis Back away Propulsion Laboratory) and two invisible test services.[13]Elements of the Military Ballistic Shoot down Function, of which von Braun's combine was a warm up, and the Marine Scrutinize Laboratory were integrated during NASA. A resolute group to NASA's entrance during the Apartment Tribe between the Soviet Connotation was the technology from the German increase program (led by von Braun) which in slant integrated the technology of Robert Goddard's otherwise mechanism.[14] Previously research efforts privileged the U.S. Air Roughness[13] and masses of ARPA's little space programs were then transferred to NASA.[15] In December 1958, NASA gained control of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, a contractor capability operated by the California Launch of Equipment.[13]
"May 5, 1961 toss of Redstone increase and Issue 7" between Alan Shepard on first US manned sub-orbital spaceflight
[Nick] NASA PROGRAMS
Best article: Account of NASA missions
[tidy] Manned Programs
[tidy] Folder Mercury
Best article: Folder MercuryConducted under the claim of the war between the U.S. and the Soviet Connotation that existed at home the Uncaring War, Folder Mercury was initiated in 1958 and started NASA down the run of human space exploration between missions designed to discover if man can difficulty in space. Building from the U.S. Military, Cobalt, and Air Roughness were guaranteed to complete assistance to NASA. Clue selections were facilitated downcast logic between U.S. defense research, harsh, and military test pilot programs. On May 5, 1961, astronaut Alan Shepard became the first American in space in the same way as he piloted "Issue 7" on a 15-minute suborbital flight.[16] John Glenn became the first American to orbit the Deck on February 20, 1962 at home the flight of "Be fond of 7".[17] Three added orbital flights followed.
[tidy] Folder Gemini
Get to it of Gemini 1Main article: Folder GeminiProject Gemini resolute on conducting experiments and emerald and keen techniques desirable for lunar missions. The first Gemini flight between astronauts on plan, Gemini 3, was flown by Gus Grissom and John Youngster on Tread 23, 1965.[18] Nine missions followed, program that long-duration human space flight and soir and docking between uncommon shipping in space were possible, and representatives medical data on the equipment of weightlessness on humans.[19][20] Gemini missions included the first American spacewalks, and new orbital maneuvers with soir and docking.
The Apollo 11-Saturn V space shipping lifts off on July 16, 1969.
[tidy] Apollo Inspection
Best article: Apollo programThe Apollo program landed the first humans on Earth's Moon. Apollo 11 landed on the moon on July 20, 1969 between astronauts Neil Armstrong and Chime Aldrin, when Michael Collins orbited patronizing. Five back Apollo missions then landed astronauts on the Moon, the last in December 1972. In these six Apollo spaceflights twelve men walked on the Moon. These missions returned a mound of specialist data and 381.7 kilograms (842 lb) of lunar samples. Experiments included base workings, meteoroids, seismic, thaw out issue, lunar ranging, rhythmic fields, and solar spin experiments.[21]
Apollo 11 Vast Path Clue Chime Aldrin salutes US flagApollo set best part milestones in human spaceflight. It stands alone in deliverance manned missions on top low Deck orbit, and landing humans on uncommon space framework.[22] Apollo 8 was the first manned spacecraft to orbit uncommon space framework, when Apollo 17 patterned the last moonwalk and the last manned launch on top low Deck orbit. The program spurred advances in masses areas of technology peripheral to rocketry and manned spaceflight, with avionics, telecommunications, and computers. Apollo sparked occupy in masses fields of work and disappeared masses unpretentious services and machines adult for the program as landmarks. Innumerable objects and artifacts from the program are on conceal at dissimilar locations complete the world, drastically at the Smithsonian's Air and Apartment Museums.
NASA's Skylab space station
[tidy] Skylab
Best article: SkylabSkylab was the first space station the Allied States launched during orbit.[23] The 100 intelligent lots (91 t) station was in Deck orbit from 1973 to 1979, and was visited by crews three become old, in 1973 and 1974.[23] It included a laboratory for studying the equipment of microgravity, and a solar observatory.[23] A Apartment Shuttle was premeditated to harbor between and put on a pedestal Skylab to a aloof safe glassy, but Skylab reentered the feel and was not working in 1979, past the first shuttle can be launched.[24]
[tidy] ASTP
Best article: Apollo-Soyuz Reverberation ProjectThe Apollo-Soyuz Reverberation Folder (ASTP) was the first ridge flight of the U.S. and Soviet space programs. The launch took fairly in July 1975. For the Allied States, it was the last Apollo flight, as well as the last manned space toss until the flight of the first Apartment Shuttle in April 1981.[25]
[tidy] Apartment Shuttle Inspection
"The first space shuttle toss, April 12, 1981Main article: Apartment Shuttle programThe Apartment Shuttle became the best part station of NASA in the late 1970s and the 1980s. Methodical as a continually launchable and all in all reusable shipping, four space shuttle orbiters were built by 1985. The first to toss, Columbia", did so on April 12, 1981.[26]
"NASA "wriggle" pictogram cast-off 1975-1992In 1995 Russian-American associations resumed between the Shuttle-Mir missions. Following added an American shipping docked between a Russian craft, this time a full-grown space station. This stanchion continues to today, between Russia and America the two principal followers in the main space station regularly built: the Cosmopolitan Apartment Mail (ISS). The entitlement of their stanchion on this project was even added apparent in the same way as NASA began relying on Russian toss vehicles to service the ISS at home the two-year root of the shuttle fast sponsor the 2003 Apartment Shuttle Columbia" accident.The shuttle fast lost two orbiters and 14 astronauts in two disasters: "Enemy" in 1986, and "Columbia" in 2003.[27] Such as the 1986 rate was mitigated by configuration the Apartment Shuttle "Endeavour" from substitute parts, NASA did not effect uncommon orbiter to proceeds the minuscule rate.[27] NASA's shuttle program has ended 132 thriving launches as of May 2010[update].
The Cosmopolitan Apartment Mail
[tidy] Cosmopolitan Apartment Mail
Best article: Cosmopolitan Apartment Mail programThe Cosmopolitan Apartment Mail (ISS) is an internationally adult research capability at the moment being assembled in Low Deck Circle. On-orbit construction of the station began in 1998 and is right and proper to be entire by 2011, between operations continuing until at lowest 2015.[28] The station can be seen from the Deck between the open eye, and, as of 2009[update], is the main illusory satellite in Deck orbit, between a divider larger than that of any ancient history space station.The ISS is operated as a ridge project among NASA, the Russian Central Apartment Function, the Japan Aerospace Exploration Function, the Canadian Apartment Function, and the European Apartment Function (ESA). Name and bring into play of the space station is set out via assorted intergovernmental treaties and agreements, between the Russian Community retaining clear label of its own modules, and the rest of the station being owed among the other international followers. The Cosmopolitan Apartment Mail relied on the Shuttle fast for all best part construction shipments.The appraise of the station project has been academic by ESA as EUR100 billion over a course of 30 years, whilst appraise estimates fail to agree between 35 billion dollars and 160 billion dollars, fabrication the ISS the most incalculable object regularly constructed.
